•India’s climate is dominated by monsoons. Monsoons are
strong, often violent winds that change direction with the season.
•Monsoon winds blow from cold to warm regions because cold air takes up more space than warm air.
•Monsoons blow from the land toward the sea in winter, and from the sea toward land in the summer.
•India’s winters are hot and dry.
•The monsoon winds blow from the northeast and carry little moisture.
•The temperature is high - the Himalayas form a barrier that prevents cold air from passing onto the subcontinent.
•Additionally, most of India lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator, so the sun’s rays shine directly on the land.
•The temperature can reach as high as 110oF during the Indian winter.
strong, often violent winds that change direction with the season.•Monsoon winds blow from cold to warm regions because cold air takes up more space than warm air.
•Monsoons blow from the land toward the sea in winter, and from the sea toward land in the summer.
•India’s winters are hot and dry.
•The monsoon winds blow from the northeast and carry little moisture.
•The temperature is high - the Himalayas form a barrier that prevents cold air from passing onto the subcontinent.
•Additionally, most of India lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator, so the sun’s rays shine directly on the land.
•The temperature can reach as high as 110oF during the Indian winter.
•The summer monsoons roar onto the subcontinent from the southwest. 
•The winds carry moisture from the Indian Ocean and bring heavy rains from June to September.
•The torrential rainstorms often cause violent landslides. Entire villages have been swept away during monsoon rains.
•Despite the potential for destruction, the summer monsoons are welcomed in India. Farmers depend on the rains to irrigate their land. Additionally, a great deal of India’s electricity is generated by water power provided by the monsoon rains.
•Pakistan is much drier than India. The summer monsoon winds in India bring moisture from the Indian Ocean; Pakistan is north of the ocean and receives much less rain. The Thar Desert is on the border between India and Pakistan. It covers more than 77,000 square miles, about the size of Nebraska.
•The winds carry moisture from the Indian Ocean and bring heavy rains from June to September.
•The torrential rainstorms often cause violent landslides. Entire villages have been swept away during monsoon rains.
•Despite the potential for destruction, the summer monsoons are welcomed in India. Farmers depend on the rains to irrigate their land. Additionally, a great deal of India’s electricity is generated by water power provided by the monsoon rains.
•Pakistan is much drier than India. The summer monsoon winds in India bring moisture from the Indian Ocean; Pakistan is north of the ocean and receives much less rain. The Thar Desert is on the border between India and Pakistan. It covers more than 77,000 square miles, about the size of Nebraska.
PAKISTAN
•Climate: Generally arid;
•hot summers,
•cool or cold winters;
•wide variations of temperature in given locale and between coastal area on Arabian Sea and glacial regions of northern areas;
•little rainfall.
Pakistan is situated in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. It is a large country with high mountains in its western, northern and northeastern borders. Some of the higher Himalayan peaks are included in these. The southern and eastern regions consist of of low-lying plains.The Asian monsoon is the dominant influence on the country's climate. The cool season is from mid-Oct to late Feb; during this time the days are usually quite warm and sunny, while nights are colder with occasional frost. Rain from low presssure systems usually affect the western and northern regions during this period. The weather in the higher mountains is also quite cold at this time.
Early March to late June is the warm season., when daytime temperatures in the southern and cental regions can be extremely hot. Although humidity is low, the heat can be very uncomfortable. An occasional thunderstorm, accompanied by a dust storm, may occur at this time.
The wet season occurs during the southwest monsoon, from June - early Oct. Temperatures are slightly lower then, but humidity is higher, making the weather rather unpleasant. Different parts of the country receive different amounts of rain during this period. The eastern and central plains receive abundant rain (see table for Islamabad). The southern and southeastern regions, which are mostly desert, do not receive much rain.
The southwestern area, facing the Arabian Sea, also receives little rain (see table for Karachi) and though conditions are cooler inland, the high humidity can make the climate uncomfortable. The mountainous area in the north and west receive less rain during the southwest monsoon and may be wetter during the cooler winter season (see table for Peshawar).
Sunshine is abundant all year round with 6-7 hours a day in the cool season to 10-12 during the hot season. Cloudiness increases over most of the country in the wet season, even in those areas that do not receive much rain. Heavy snowfall occurs in the higher mountains in the north.
CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN
•Depending on the topography, there is an extreme variation in the temperature of Pakistan.
•The country is essentially arid except for the southern slopes of the Himalayas and the sub-mountainous tract where the annual rainfall varies between 760 and 1270 mm.
•This area has humid sub-Tropical climate.
•In the extreme north - because of great heights - Highland climate prevails. The controlling factors of the climate are:
1. The sub-Tropical location of Pakistan that tends to keep the temperature high, particularly in summer. 2. The oceanic influence of the Arabian Sea that keeps down the temperature contrast between summer and winter at the coast.3. Higher altitudes in the west and north that keep the temperature down throughout the year.4. The Monsoon winds that bring rainfall in summer.5. The Western Depression originating from the Mediterranean region and entering Pakistan from the west that brings rainfall in winter. These cyclones make a long land journey and are thus robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan.
6. A temperature inversion layer at a low elevation of about 1,500 m in the south during the summer, that does not allow the moisture-laden air to rise and condensation to take place.Temperature:-
•The country is essentially arid except for the southern slopes of the Himalayas and the sub-mountainous tract where the annual rainfall varies between 760 and 1270 mm.
•This area has humid sub-Tropical climate.
•In the extreme north - because of great heights - Highland climate prevails. The controlling factors of the climate are:
1. The sub-Tropical location of Pakistan that tends to keep the temperature high, particularly in summer. 2. The oceanic influence of the Arabian Sea that keeps down the temperature contrast between summer and winter at the coast.3. Higher altitudes in the west and north that keep the temperature down throughout the year.4. The Monsoon winds that bring rainfall in summer.5. The Western Depression originating from the Mediterranean region and entering Pakistan from the west that brings rainfall in winter. These cyclones make a long land journey and are thus robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan.
6. A temperature inversion layer at a low elevation of about 1,500 m in the south during the summer, that does not allow the moisture-laden air to rise and condensation to take place.Temperature:-
Pakistan can be divided into four broad temperature regions:1. Hot summer and mild winter: 32o C or more in summer and 10 to 21o C in winter.2. Warm summer and mild winter: 21 - 32oC in summer and 10 to 21oC in winter.3. Warm summer and cool winter: 21 - 32oC in summer and 0 - 10oC in winter.4. Mild summer and cool/cold winter: Summer temperature between 10 and 21oC and winter temperature between 0 and 10oC.
•The climate varies as much as the scenery, with cold winters and hot summers in the north and a mild climate in the south, moderated by the influence of the ocean. The central parts have extremely hot summers with temperatures rising to 45 °C ,followed by very cold winters, often falling below freezing.
•Officially the highest temperature recorded in Pakistan is 50.55°C at Pad Idan
•There is very little rainfall ranging from less than 250 millimetres to more than 1,250 millimetres (9.8–49.2 in), mostly brought by the unreliable south-westerly monsoon winds during the late summer.
•The construction of dams on the rivers and the drilling of water wells in many drier areas have temporarily eased water shortages at the expense of down gradient populations
•Pakistan has are four seasons:
•a cool, dry winter from December through February;
•a hot, dry spring from March through May;
•the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September;
•the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.
•The climate varies as much as the scenery, with cold winters and hot summers in the north and a mild climate in the south, moderated by the influence of the ocean. The central parts have extremely hot summers with temperatures rising to 45 °C ,followed by very cold winters, often falling below freezing.
•Officially the highest temperature recorded in Pakistan is 50.55°C at Pad Idan
•There is very little rainfall ranging from less than 250 millimetres to more than 1,250 millimetres (9.8–49.2 in), mostly brought by the unreliable south-westerly monsoon winds during the late summer.
•The construction of dams on the rivers and the drilling of water wells in many drier areas have temporarily eased water shortages at the expense of down gradient populations
•Pakistan has are four seasons:
•a cool, dry winter from December through February;
•a hot, dry spring from March through May;
•the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September;
•the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.
RAINFALL
•The major part of Pakistan experiences dry climate.
•Humid conditions prevail but over a small area in the north.
•The whole of Sindh, most of Balochistan, the major part of the Punjab and central parts of Northern Areas receive less than 250 mm of rainfall in a year. Northern Sindh, southern Punjab, north-western Balochistan and the central parts of Northern Areas receive less than 125 mm of rainfall.
•True humid conditions appear after the rainfall increases to 750 mm in plains and 625 mm in highlands.
•There are two sources of rainfall in Pakistan:
1.the Monsoon
2.the Western Depression.
The former takes place from July to September and the latter, December to March.
•The major part of Pakistan experiences dry climate.
•Humid conditions prevail but over a small area in the north.
•The whole of Sindh, most of Balochistan, the major part of the Punjab and central parts of Northern Areas receive less than 250 mm of rainfall in a year. Northern Sindh, southern Punjab, north-western Balochistan and the central parts of Northern Areas receive less than 125 mm of rainfall.
•True humid conditions appear after the rainfall increases to 750 mm in plains and 625 mm in highlands.
•There are two sources of rainfall in Pakistan:
1.the Monsoon
2.the Western Depression.
The former takes place from July to September and the latter, December to March.
SUMMARY:
•Pakistan's climate is varied because of the difference in elevation from one end of the country to another.
•During the summer months from April to September the mountainous north is pleasant and temperate, but the Indus Valley swelters in temperatures of 100ºF (40ºC) or more.
•In late summer the southern region experiences monsoons, particularly along the coast.
•In winter the low-lying areas cool down appreciably to average temperatures of between 50ºF and 70ºF (10ºC to 25ºC), while the northern mountains ice up with the air well below freezing.
•Pakistan's climate is varied because of the difference in elevation from one end of the country to another.
•During the summer months from April to September the mountainous north is pleasant and temperate, but the Indus Valley swelters in temperatures of 100ºF (40ºC) or more.
•In late summer the southern region experiences monsoons, particularly along the coast.
•In winter the low-lying areas cool down appreciably to average temperatures of between 50ºF and 70ºF (10ºC to 25ºC), while the northern mountains ice up with the air well below freezing.
IMPORTANT POINTS:Pakistan is mostly a dry region with great extremes of elevation and temperature. In the Indus Valley area, temperatures range from about 32° to 49°C (about 90° to 120°F) in summer, and the average in winter is about 13°C (about 55°F). The climate of Pakistan varies widely from place to place. In the mountain regions of the north and west, temperatures fall below freezing during winter.
Rainfall is scarce throughout most of Pakistan. The Punjab region receives the most precipitation, averaging more than 508 millimeters (20 inches) per year. In contrast, the arid regions of the southeast and southwest receive less than 127 millimeters (5 inches) annually. Most rain falls from July to September.
CLIMATE OF NEPAL
•Nepal’s weather is generally predictable and pleasant. There are four climatic seasons:
•(a) Spring : March-May
(b) Summer : June-August
(c) Autumn : September-November
(d) Winter : December-February
•The monsoon is approximately from the end of June to the middle of September. About 80 per cent of the rain falls during that period, so the remainder of the year is dry.
•Spring and autumn are the most pleasant seasons; winter temperatures drop to freezing with a high level of snowfall in the mountains. Summer and late spring temperatures range from 28ºC (83ºF) in the hill regions to more than 40ºC (104ºF) in the Terai.
•In winter, average maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from a brisk 7ºC (45ºF) to a mild 23ºC (74ºF).
•The central valleys experience a minimum temperature often falling bellow freezing point and a chilly 12ºC (54ºF) maximum. Much colder temperatures prevail at higher elevations.
•The Kathmandu Valley, at an altitude of 1310m (4297ft), has a mild climate, ranging from 19-27ºC (67-81ºF) in summer, and 2-20ºC (36-68ºF) in winter.
•Much colder temperatures prevail at higher elevations. The Katmandu Valley situated at an altitude of 1310m, has a seasonable but equable climate with average summer and winter temperatures of 27 Degrees Celsius to 19 Degrees Celsius and 20 Degrees Celsius to 2 Degrees Celsius respectively. The annual rainfall in Katmandu generally exceeds 1300mm. The mean annual precipitation ranges from more than 6000mm along the southern slopes of the Annapurna range in central Nepal to less than the 250mm in the north central portion near the Tibetan plateau. Amounts varying between 1500 and 2500mm predominate over most of the country. On an average, about 80% of the precipitation is confined to the monsoon period (June-September).
•The towering Himalayas play a critical role, blocking the northwesterly advances of moist, tropical air from the Bay of Bengal, and ultimately leading to its conversion to rain in the summer. In the winter, this range prevents the outbursts of cold air from Inner Asia from reaching southern Nepal and northern India, thus ensuring warmer winters in these regions than otherwise would be the case.
•In addition, there are seasonal variations in the amount of rainfall, depending on the monsoon cycle....
•The premonsoon season generally occurs during April and May; it is characterized by the highest temperatures, reaching 40° C during the day in the Tarai Region and other lowlands. The hills and mountains, however, remain cool.
•The summer monsoon, a strong flow of moist air from the southwest, follows the premonsoon season....
•Even though the arrival of the summer monsoon can vary by as much as a month, in Nepal it generally arrives in early June, is preceded by violent lightning and thunderstorms, and lasts through September, when it begins to recede.
•The plains and lower Himalayas receive more than 70 percent of their annual precipitation during the summer monsoon.
•The amount of summer monsoon rain generally declines from southeast to northwest as the maritime wedge of air gradually becomes thinner and dryer. Although the success of farming is almost totally dependent on the timely arrival of the summer monsoon, it periodically causes such problems as landslides; subsequent losses of human lives, farmlands, and other properties (not to mention great difficulty in the movement of goods and people); and heavy flooding in the plains. Conversely, when prolonged breaks in the summer monsoon occur, severe drought and famine often result
•The postmonsoon season begins with a slow withdrawal of the monsoon. This retreat leads to an almost complete disappearance of moist air by mid-October, thus ushering in generally cool, clear, and dry weather, as well as the most relaxed and jovial period in Nepal....
•The postmonsoon season lasts until about December
•After the postmonsoon, comes the winter monsoon, a strong northeasterly flow, which is marked by occasional, short rainfalls in the lowlands and plains and snowfalls in the high-altitude areas.
•The amount of precipitation resulting from the northeast land trade winds varies considerably but increases markedly with elevation.
•The secondary winter precipitation in the form of snowfalls in the Himalayas is important for generating a sufficient volume of spring and summer meltwaters, which are critical for irrigation in the lower hills and valleys where agriculture predominates. Winter precipitation is also are indispensable for the success of winter crops, such as wheat, barley, and numerous vegetables.
•The monsoon is approximately from the end of June to the middle of September. About 80 per cent of the rain falls during that period, so the remainder of the year is dry.
•Spring and autumn are the most pleasant seasons; winter temperatures drop to freezing with a high level of snowfall in the mountains. Summer and late spring temperatures range from 28ºC (83ºF) in the hill regions to more than 40ºC (104ºF) in the Terai.
•In winter, average maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from a brisk 7ºC (45ºF) to a mild 23ºC (74ºF).
•The central valleys experience a minimum temperature often falling bellow freezing point and a chilly 12ºC (54ºF) maximum. Much colder temperatures prevail at higher elevations.
•The Kathmandu Valley, at an altitude of 1310m (4297ft), has a mild climate, ranging from 19-27ºC (67-81ºF) in summer, and 2-20ºC (36-68ºF) in winter.
•Much colder temperatures prevail at higher elevations. The Katmandu Valley situated at an altitude of 1310m, has a seasonable but equable climate with average summer and winter temperatures of 27 Degrees Celsius to 19 Degrees Celsius and 20 Degrees Celsius to 2 Degrees Celsius respectively. The annual rainfall in Katmandu generally exceeds 1300mm. The mean annual precipitation ranges from more than 6000mm along the southern slopes of the Annapurna range in central Nepal to less than the 250mm in the north central portion near the Tibetan plateau. Amounts varying between 1500 and 2500mm predominate over most of the country. On an average, about 80% of the precipitation is confined to the monsoon period (June-September).
•The towering Himalayas play a critical role, blocking the northwesterly advances of moist, tropical air from the Bay of Bengal, and ultimately leading to its conversion to rain in the summer. In the winter, this range prevents the outbursts of cold air from Inner Asia from reaching southern Nepal and northern India, thus ensuring warmer winters in these regions than otherwise would be the case.
•In addition, there are seasonal variations in the amount of rainfall, depending on the monsoon cycle....
•The premonsoon season generally occurs during April and May; it is characterized by the highest temperatures, reaching 40° C during the day in the Tarai Region and other lowlands. The hills and mountains, however, remain cool.
•The summer monsoon, a strong flow of moist air from the southwest, follows the premonsoon season....
•Even though the arrival of the summer monsoon can vary by as much as a month, in Nepal it generally arrives in early June, is preceded by violent lightning and thunderstorms, and lasts through September, when it begins to recede.
•The plains and lower Himalayas receive more than 70 percent of their annual precipitation during the summer monsoon.
•The amount of summer monsoon rain generally declines from southeast to northwest as the maritime wedge of air gradually becomes thinner and dryer. Although the success of farming is almost totally dependent on the timely arrival of the summer monsoon, it periodically causes such problems as landslides; subsequent losses of human lives, farmlands, and other properties (not to mention great difficulty in the movement of goods and people); and heavy flooding in the plains. Conversely, when prolonged breaks in the summer monsoon occur, severe drought and famine often result
•The postmonsoon season begins with a slow withdrawal of the monsoon. This retreat leads to an almost complete disappearance of moist air by mid-October, thus ushering in generally cool, clear, and dry weather, as well as the most relaxed and jovial period in Nepal....
•The postmonsoon season lasts until about December
•After the postmonsoon, comes the winter monsoon, a strong northeasterly flow, which is marked by occasional, short rainfalls in the lowlands and plains and snowfalls in the high-altitude areas.
•The amount of precipitation resulting from the northeast land trade winds varies considerably but increases markedly with elevation.
•The secondary winter precipitation in the form of snowfalls in the Himalayas is important for generating a sufficient volume of spring and summer meltwaters, which are critical for irrigation in the lower hills and valleys where agriculture predominates. Winter precipitation is also are indispensable for the success of winter crops, such as wheat, barley, and numerous vegetables.
MORE ON CLIMATE OF NEPAL
Nepal has a great deal of variation in climate. A tropical and subtropical climate exists in the Terai Region. Outside the Terai, however, the climate is completely different. The remarkable differences in climatic conditions are primarily related to the enormous range of altitude within such a short north-south distance. The presence of the east-west-trending Himalayan massifs to the north and the monsoonal alteration of wet and dry seasons also greatly contribute to local variations in climate.
Five climatic zones in Nepal based on altitude: the tropical and subtropical zone of below 1,200 meters in altitude; the cool, temperate zone of 1,200 to 2,400 meters in altitude; the cold zone of 2,400 to 3,600 meters in altitude; the sub arctic climatic zone of 3,600 to 4,400 meters in altitude; and the arctic zone above 4,400 meters in altitude.
In terms of natural vegetation regimes or distribution patterns, altitude again plays a significant role. Below 1,200 meters, the dominant form of vegetation consists of tropical and subtropical rain forests.
Altitude also affects annual rainfall or precipitation patterns. Up to about 3,000 meters, annual rainfall totals increase as the altitude increases; thereafter, annual totals diminish with increasing altitude and latitude. In addition to this latitudinal differentiation in rainfall, two other patterns can be discerned.
First, given the northwestward movement of the moisture-laden summer monsoon (June to September), the amount of annual rainfall generally decreases from east to west. Second, the horizontal extension of hill and mountain ranges creates a moist condition on southland east facing slopes whereas it produces a major rain shadow on the northern sides of the slopes. The aridity increases with altitude and latitude, especially on the northern slopes, and reaches its climax in the inner Himalayan region and on the Tibetan Plateau.
Eastern Nepal receives approximately 2,500 millimeters of rain annually, the Kathmandu area about 1,420 millimeters, and western Nepal about 1,000 millimeters.
The towering Himalayas play a critical role, blocking the northwesterly advances of moist, tropical air from the Bay of Bengal, and ultimately leading to its conversion to rain in the summer. In the winter, this range prevents the outbursts of cold air from Inner Asia from reaching southern Nepal and northern India, thus ensuring warmer winters in these regions than otherwise would be the case.
In addition, there are seasonal variations in the amount of rainfall, depending on the monsoon cycle. The pre monsoon season generally occurs during April and May; it is characterized by the highest temperatures, reaching 40° C during the day in the Terai Region and other lowlands. The hills and mountains, however, remain cool.
The summer monsoon, a strong flow of moist air from the southwest, follows the pre monsoon season. Even though the arrival of the summer monsoon can vary by as much as a month, in Nepal it generally arrives in early June, is preceded by violent lightning and thunderstorms, and lasts through September, when it begins to recede. The plains and lower Himalayas receive more than 70 percent of their annual precipitation during the summer monsoon. The amount of summer monsoon rain generally declines from southeast to northwest as the maritime wedge of air gradually becomes thinner and dryer.
Although the success of farming is almost totally dependent on the timely arrival of the summer monsoon, it periodically causes such problems as landslides; subsequent losses of human lives, farmlands, and other properties (not to mention great difficulty in the movement of goods and people and heavy flooding in the plains. Conversely, when prolonged breaks in the summer monsoon occur, severe drought and famine often result.
The post monsoon season begins with a slow withdrawal of the monsoon. This retreat leads to an almost complete disappearance of moist air by mid-October, thus ushering in generally cool, clear, and dry weather, as well as the most relaxed and jovial period in Nepal. The post monsoon season lasts until about December.
After the post monsoon, comes the winter monsoon, a strong northeasterly flow, which is marked by occasional, short rainfalls in the lowlands and plains and snowfalls in the high-altitude areas. The amount of precipitation resulting from the northeast land trade winds varies considerably but increases markedly with elevation. The secondary winter precipitation in the form of snowfalls in the Himalayas is important for generating a sufficient volume of spring and summer melt waters, which are critical for irrigation in the lower hills and valleys where agriculture predominates. Winter rain is also indispensable for the success of winter crops, such as wheat, barley, and numerous vegetables.
Rainfall is ample in the eastern portion of the Terai (which receives from 70 to 75 inches [1,800 to 1,900 millimeters] a year at Biratnagar) and in the mountains, but the western portion of Nepal (where from 30 to 35 inches a year fall at Mahendranagar) is drier. Because warm rain-bearing monsoon winds discharge most of their moisture as they encounter the Annapurna range, rainfall is quite heavy (about 100 inches) in the Pokhara Valley. The average annual rainfall is about 55 inches, most of which falls in the period from June to September.
In Kathmandu Valley, average temperatures range from 50 F (10 C) in January to 78 F (26 C) in July, and the lowest and highest temperatures recorded have been 27 and 99 F (-3 and 37 C). At Pokhara the temperature ranges from 40 F (4 C) in January to approximately 100 F (38 C) in June, just before the monsoon. In winter, temperatures during the day rise to 70 F (21 C), creating pleasant conditions, with cool nights and warm days.
• Summer Season: The hot weather season begins in March and continues till the end of May. Due to the northward march of the Sun, the high temperature occurs in all parts of the country. During this season, temperature exceeds 30 o C in the Terai. Towards North, altitude increases and it remains warm in midland hills and valleys. It is cool in the Himalayan region. Days become sunny, windy and dusty and it gets hazy in some areas. Most parts of Nepal are dry in this season. However because of great heat, precipitation in the form of rain and sleet occasionally occurs from local convective storms in April and May.
• Rainy Season: It begins in June and continues up to the end of September. During this season, monsoon blows from south-east direction and bring rain to the country. The regional distribution of rainfall varies from one to the other area. It depends on the oceanic distance and local topographic features of the place. Pokhara Valley located in the central Nepal receives more than 400 cm rainfall. Similarly, southern slopes of Mahabharat and Churia hills in East Nepal receive more than 200 cm rainfall. In general, rain diminishes from Pokhara Valley towards west and north. In the north, there exists a larger rain shadow area beyond the great Himalayan Ranges in the central and western parts of Nepal. It receives poor rainfall less than 50cm. During rainy season it gets sultry and humid. Temperature slightly drops down in rainy season due to frequent rainfall.
• Winter Season: It includes the month of October, November, December, January and February. During winter season, the sun shines over the southern hemisphere and the temperature becomes very low all over the country. It is about 15 o C temperature in the Terai. The Himalayan zone above 3000m, records the temperature below freezing point. The higher mountain areas are quite cold. On the whole, winter is generally a dry season. The monsoons blow from land to the sea during this season. However westerly wind cause light rain in the western Nepal. Clear sky, foggy or frosty and cold morning are the general features of this season.
CLIMATE OF BANGLADESH
•Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon-type climate, with a hot and rainy summer and a dry winter.
•January is the coolest month with temperatures averaging near 26 deg C (78 d F)
•April the warmest with temperatures from 33 to 36 deg C (91 to 96 deg F).
•The climate is one of the wettest in the world. Most places receive more than 1,525 mm of rain a year, and areas near the hills receive 5,080 mm ).
•Most rains occur during the monsoon (June-September) and little in winter (November-February).
•Bangladesh is subject to devastating cyclones, originating over the Bay of Bengal, in the periods of April to May and September to November
•Often accompanied by surging waves, these storms can cause great damage and loss of life.The cyclone of November 1970, in which about 500,000 lives were lost in Bangladesh, was one of the worst natural disasters of the country in the 20th century.
•Bangladesh has warm temperatures throughout the year, with relatively little variation from month to month.
•January tends to be the coolest month and May the warmest.
•In Dhaka the average January temperature is about 19°C (about 66°F), and the average May temperature is about 29°C (about 84°F).
•Regional climatic differences in this flat country are minor.
•Three seasons are generally recognized: a hot, humid summer from March to June;
•a cool, rainy monsoon season from June to October;
•and a cool, dry winter from October to March.
•In general, maximum summer temperatures range between 32°C and 38°C.
•April is the warmest month in most parts of the country.
•January is the coldest month, when the average temperature for most of the country is 10°C.
•Winds are mostly from the north and northwest in the winter, blowing gently at one to three kilometers per hour in northern and central areas and three to six kilometers per hour near the coast.
•From March to May, violent thunderstorms, called n
orthwesters by local English speakers, produce winds of up to sixty kilometers per hour.
•During the intense storms of the early summer and late monsoon season, southerly winds of more than 160 kilometers per hour cause waves to crest as high as 6 meters in the Bay of Bengal, which brings disastrous flooding to coastal areas.
•Heavy rainfall is characteristic of Bangladesh. With the exception of the relatively dry western region of Rajshahi, where the annual rainfall is about 160 centimeters, most parts of the country receive at least 200 centimeters of rainfall per year .
•About 80 percent of Bangladesh's rain falls during the monsoon season. The monsoons result from the contrasts between low and high air pressure areas that result from differential heating of land and water. During the hot months of April and May hot air rises over the Indian subcontinent, creating low-pressure areas into which rush cooler, moisture-bearing winds from the Indian Ocean.
•January is the coolest month with temperatures averaging near 26 deg C (78 d F)
•April the warmest with temperatures from 33 to 36 deg C (91 to 96 deg F).
•The climate is one of the wettest in the world. Most places receive more than 1,525 mm of rain a year, and areas near the hills receive 5,080 mm ).
•Most rains occur during the monsoon (June-September) and little in winter (November-February).
•Bangladesh is subject to devastating cyclones, originating over the Bay of Bengal, in the periods of April to May and September to November
•Often accompanied by surging waves, these storms can cause great damage and loss of life.The cyclone of November 1970, in which about 500,000 lives were lost in Bangladesh, was one of the worst natural disasters of the country in the 20th century.
•Bangladesh has warm temperatures throughout the year, with relatively little variation from month to month.
•January tends to be the coolest month and May the warmest.
•In Dhaka the average January temperature is about 19°C (about 66°F), and the average May temperature is about 29°C (about 84°F).
•Regional climatic differences in this flat country are minor.
•Three seasons are generally recognized: a hot, humid summer from March to June;
•a cool, rainy monsoon season from June to October;
•and a cool, dry winter from October to March.
•In general, maximum summer temperatures range between 32°C and 38°C.
•April is the warmest month in most parts of the country.
•January is the coldest month, when the average temperature for most of the country is 10°C.
•Winds are mostly from the north and northwest in the winter, blowing gently at one to three kilometers per hour in northern and central areas and three to six kilometers per hour near the coast.
•From March to May, violent thunderstorms, called n
orthwesters by local English speakers, produce winds of up to sixty kilometers per hour.•During the intense storms of the early summer and late monsoon season, southerly winds of more than 160 kilometers per hour cause waves to crest as high as 6 meters in the Bay of Bengal, which brings disastrous flooding to coastal areas.
•Heavy rainfall is characteristic of Bangladesh. With the exception of the relatively dry western region of Rajshahi, where the annual rainfall is about 160 centimeters, most parts of the country receive at least 200 centimeters of rainfall per year .
•About 80 percent of Bangladesh's rain falls during the monsoon season. The monsoons result from the contrasts between low and high air pressure areas that result from differential heating of land and water. During the hot months of April and May hot air rises over the Indian subcontinent, creating low-pressure areas into which rush cooler, moisture-bearing winds from the Indian Ocean.
•This is the southwest monsoon, commencing in June and usually lasting through September.
•Dividing against the Indian landmass, the monsoon flows in two branches, one of which strikes western India.
•The other travels up the Bay of Bengal and over eastern India and Bangladesh, crossing the plain to the north and northeast before being turned to the west and northwest by the foothills of the Himalayas.
Pakistan has three seasons winter November to March is warm and cooled by sea breezes on the coast summer April to July has extreme temperatures and the monsoon season July to September has the highest rainfall on the hills.
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